964 research outputs found
Activation Energy of RTS Noise
Low frequency noise was measured in silicon MOSFET and GaN and InGaAs based HFET devices with special emphasis on the RTS noise. The RTS (Random Telegraph Signal) dependence on the biasing conditions and temperature was analyzed in order to obtain new information regarding production technology. From the time dependence of the RTS noise voltage the mean time of charge carriers capture and emission by traps in the gate oxide layer was determined as a function of applied gate and drain voltage or electron concentration and then several important trap parameters, such as activation energy and position in the channel could be estimated
ĂÄINNOSĆ€ DEZINFEKÄNĂHO PRĂPRAVKU DUSEPT NA G- A G+ BAKTĂRIE TEPELNE OĆ ETRENĂHO MLIEKA
We were evaluating the effectiveness of disinfecting appliance Dusept on mixture of G+ and G- bacteria and on
the micro-organisms of heat-treated milk by three methods. By using the qualitative method effective action of
2% reagent was found on mixture of G+ and G- bacteria. By the qualitative method with carrier the 2% reagent
was also effective on the mixture of G+ and G- bacteria, 1% and 0,1% reagents were not effective. The 2%
reagent was not effective on the micro-organisms of milk on a carrier. The 2% solution was effective when
applying the quantitative method by 20 minutes actuation on bacteria contained in milk.V experimente sme hodnotili ĂșÄinnosĆ„ dezinfekÄnĂ©ho prĂpravku na bĂĄze chlĂłru tromi metĂłdami na zmes G+
a G- baktĂ©riĂ a na mikroorganizmy obsiahnutĂ© v pasterizovanom mlieku. Pri pouĆŸitĂ kvalitatĂvnej platĆovej
metĂłdy bolo ĂșÄinnĂ© pĂŽsobenie 2 %-nĂ©ho roztoku na zmes G+ a G- baktĂ©riĂ. Pri kvalitatĂvnej metĂłde s pouĆŸitĂm
sklenenĂ©ho nosiÄa bol 2 %-nĂœ roztok taktieĆŸ ĂșÄinnĂœ na zmes G+ a G- , 1 %-nĂœ a 0,1 %-nĂœ roztok nebol ĂșÄinnĂœ.
Pre mikroorganizmy mlieka na nosiÄi 2 %-nĂœ roztok bol neĂșÄinnĂœ. Pri kvantitatĂvnej metĂłde bol 2 %-nĂœ
roztok po 20 minĂștovom pĂŽsobenĂ na baktĂ©rie obsiahnutĂ© v mlieku ĂșÄinnĂœ
The CO2 cutting cost of biogas from humanure and livestock manure
The European Union is accelerating its rollout of sustainable energy production and promotion of a circular economy. Electricity from biogas has synergy with energy-policy and rural-development goals yet its economic value is often convoluted. This study assessed the economic potential of biogas electricity using a representative rural case and quantified the cost and level of state support required for viability. The cost of CO2-equivalent emission reductions was determined using the recast Renewable Energy Directive (RED II). The results showed that a feed-in tariff of 0.33 ⏠kWhâ1 for green electricity was required for economic feasibility. This yielded a CO2 cutting cost of 251 ⏠tâ1. The methane energy potential was 78 467 kWh aâ1 from 31 498 kg (dry mass) of substrates, 80% livestock manure and humanure and 20% plant-based. Circular use of the digestate from anaerobic digestion, enabled a nitrogen recovery potential of 1 575 kg aâ1. The conclusions reached are that the economic value of the avoided emissions, through the RED II framework, is significant but it does not substantially improve the cost-effectiveness of biogas as an emission-mitigation technology. For biogas plant capacities less than 500 kW, current EU feed-in tariffs do not support economic viability
Toxic Shock-like Syndrome Associated with Necrotizing Streptococcus Pyogenes Infection
Two patients with toxic shock-like syndrome are presented. Both patients had necrotizing cellulitis due to Streptococcus pyogenes, and both patients required extensive surgical debridement. The association of Streptococcus pyogenes infection and toxic shock-like syndrome is discussed
Traditions in Spider Monkeys Are Biased towards the Social Domain
Cross-site comparison studies of behavioral variation can provide evidence for traditions in wild species once ecological and genetic factors are excluded as causes for cross-site differences. These studies ensure behavior variants are considered within the context of a species' ecology and evolutionary adaptations. We examined wide-scale geographic variation in the behavior of spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) across five long-term field sites in Central America using a well established ethnographic cross-site survey method. Spider monkeys possess a relatively rare social system with a high degree of fission-fusion dynamics, also typical of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and humans (Homo sapiens). From the initial 62 behaviors surveyed 65% failed to meet the necessary criteria for traditions. The remaining 22 behaviors showed cross-site variation in occurrence ranging from absent through to customary, representing to our knowledge, the first documented cases of traditions in this taxon and only the second case of multiple traditions in a New World monkey species. Of the 22 behavioral variants recorded across all sites, on average 57% occurred in the social domain, 19% in food-related domains and 24% in other domains. This social bias contrasts with the food-related bias reported in great ape cross-site comparison studies and has implications for the evolution of human culture. No pattern of geographical radiation was found in relation to distance across sites. Our findings promote A. geoffroyi as a model species to investigate traditions with field and captive based experiments and emphasize the importance of the social domain for the study of animal traditions.Research at Barro Colorado Island was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (SBR-9711161), the Leakey Foundation, the Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley (www.berkeley.edu) and a Short-term Fellowship from the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (www.stri.org). Research at Corcovado National Park's Sirena Biological Station was supported by NSF award 0233248 (with R. Sussman), the Wenner-Gren Foundation, the Leakey Foundation, the American Society of Primatologists (www.asp.org), and Washington University in St. Louis (www.wustl.edu). Funds for Sirena's field lab facility were provided to L. E. Gilbert (Univ. of Texas at Austin) by NSF BSR 8315399 and a matching WWF grant, and funds for updating Sirena's trail system and installation of spatial reference system were provided by the Mellon Foundation through the Institute of Latin American Studies at UT Austin. Research at Santa Rosa and Punta Laguna was supported by The British Academy (www.britac.ac.uk), the Wenner-Gren Foundation (www.wennergren.org), the Leakey Foundation (www.leakeyfoundation.org) and the North of England Zoological Society (www.chesterzoo.org). CJS was supported by a Gladstone bursary from the University of Chester (www.chester.ac.uk) and by the Santander University Scheme (www.santander.co.uk). Research at Runaway Creek was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
Traditions in spider monkeys are biased towards the social domain
Cross-site comparison studies of behavioral variation can provide evidence for traditions in wild species once ecological and genetic factors are excluded as causes for cross-site differences. These studies ensure behavior variants are considered within the context of a species' ecology and evolutionary adaptations. We examined wide-scale geographic variation in the behavior of spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) across five long-term field sites in Central America using a well established ethnographic cross-site survey method. Spider monkeys possess a relatively rare social system with a high degree of fission-fusion dynamics, also typical of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and humans (Homo sapiens). From the initial 62 behaviors surveyed 65% failed to meet the necessary criteria for traditions. The remaining 22 behaviors showed cross-site variation in occurrence ranging from absent through to customary, representing to our knowledge, the first documented cases of traditions in this taxon and only the second case of multiple traditions in a New World monkey species. Of the 22 behavioral variants recorded across all sites, on average 57% occurred in the social domain, 19% in food-related domains and 24% in other domains. This social bias contrasts with the food-related bias reported in great ape cross-site comparison studies and has implications for the evolution of human culture. No pattern of geographical radiation was found in relation to distance across sites. Our findings promote A. geoffroyi as a model species to investigate traditions with field and captive based experiments and emphasize the importance of the social domain for the study of animal traditions.Research at Barro Colorado Island was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (SBR-9711161), the Leakey Foundation, the Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley (www.berkeley.edu) and a Short-term Fellowship from the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (www.stri.org). Research at Corcovado National Park's Sirena Biological Station was supported by NSF award 0233248 (with R. Sussman), the Wenner-Gren Foundation, the Leakey Foundation, the American Society of Primatologists (www.asp.org), and Washington University in St. Louis (www.wustl.edu). Funds for Sirena's field lab facility were provided to L. E. Gilbert (Univ. of Texas at Austin) by NSF BSR 8315399 and a matching WWF grant, and funds for updating Sirena's trail system and installation of spatial reference system were provided by the Mellon Foundation through the Institute of Latin American Studies at UT Austin. Research at Santa Rosa and Punta Laguna was supported by The British Academy (www.britac.ac.uk), the Wenner-Gren Foundation (www.wennergren.org), the Leakey Foundation (www.leakeyfoundation.org) and the North of England Zoological Society (www.chesterzoo.org). CJS was supported by a Gladstone bursary from the University of Chester (www.chester.ac.uk) and by the Santander University Scheme (www.santander.co.uk). Research at Runaway Creek was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript
Quantitative copper measurement in oxidized p-type silicon wafers using microwave photoconductivity decay
We propose a method to measure trace copper contamination in p-type silicon using the microwave photoconductivity decay (ÎŒ-PCD) technique. The method is based on the precipitation of interstitial copper, activated by high-intensity light, which results in enhanced minority carrier recombination activity. We show that there is a quantitative correlation between the enhanced recombination rate and the Cu concentration by comparing ÎŒ-PCD measurements with transient ion drift and total reflection x-ray fluorescence measurements. The results indicate that the method is capable of measuring Cu concentrations down to 10exp10cmâ3. There are no limitations to wafer storage time if corona charge is used on the oxidized wafer surfaces as the charge prevents copper outdiffusion. We briefly discuss the role of oxide precipitates both in the copperprecipitation and in the charge carrier recombination processes.Peer reviewe
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